Alpha Lipoic Acid- In first clinical trials, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), managed to restore full liver function to 95% of the acute and severe liver damaged patients, when administered intravenously. Curative effects of ALA have been defined by the modulative regulation in eukaryotes. Lipoic acid has shown the ability to promote and boost the absorption of glucose to cell membranes; furthermore laboratory studies have shown that it can reduce triglycerides in blood. Besides the obviously high efficacy as an antioxidant, ALA has shown to be able to prevent vitamin C and vitamin E deficiency, the use as a chelator is still in the test phase; ALA in combination with L-carnitine shows improved mental performances in tests, paired with a postponed structural mitochondrial decay, making it a candidate in combating Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

Amino-Glucose-Palmers are used to help protect and make amino acid groups more bio available. A lab will make an Amino-Glucose-Palmers by binding an amino acid to a glucose, or sugar molecule. The body sees this and takes in the glucose molecule and breaks off the Amino acid, placing it directly in the blood stream. Many amino acids are unstable or have the potential to be unstable. By binding a sugar molecule to the amino acid, it helps protect the amino acid from breaking down and making the supplement it is included in become less effective.

Arginine Alpha Ketoglutarate is an excellent body building supplement that helps in reducing body fat and in building up the immune system. It assists the metabolism of nitric oxides and increases the blood flow and oxygen to various parts of the body and carries nutrients to the skeletal muscles. As a result, the performance and physique of an individual are improved without excessive dieting or using drugs. Many athletes use it to improve their strength and muscle mass. It increases the secretion of insulin and growth hormones and is known to improve the growth rate in children. It is effective in treating people with burns, wounds and those recovering from a surgery. Patients suffering from trauma and malnutrition have been known to benefit from it.

Arginine Malate is a lab created compound that takes a couple amino acid groups and bind them to a malic acid. This compound is also known as nitrous malate, because arginine malate helps stimulate the production of nitrous oxide by the body. Nitrous oxide improves athletic performance by improving blood flow through opening blood vessels. By boosting blood flow, other supplements are more effective not to mention the person feeling better. The improvements in blood flow, as well as the increased efficacy of other supplements leads to improved strength and quicker recovery time after exercise. Malic acid is also beneficial and is found naturally in apples.

Biotin is required for the fatty acids and glucose formation so that essential energy is produced. Biotin also assists in the metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Biotin is available in food naturally and the dietary sources of biotin comprise of brewer’s yeast, cauliflower, bananas, egg yolks, salmon, liver, sardines, mushrooms and legumes. The deficiency of biotin is uncommon. The other possibilities for having biotin as deficiency is genetic biotin deficiency, surgical stomach removal, excessive consumption of alcohol and infant dermatitis. Biotin deficiency leads to hair loss, skin rash, heart problems and high cholesterol. Biotin supplements are effective for eczema, acne, diaper rash, brittle nails and hair loss. People having a history of seizures should avoid using biotin. This is a B vitamin that helps in converting food to energy. It is mandatory that minimum 30 mg is taken daily as there are adequate health benefits. Normal biotin intake strengthens fingernails and also controls blood sugar levels.

Caffeine is a methylated xenthine discovered in 1819 by Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, a German chemist. Sources of Caffeine include beans, fruit and leaves of some plants. Caffeine available for human consumption is most commonly extracted from the coffee plant cherries and tea bush leaves, as well as foods and drinks that contain products derived from the kola nut. Caffeine can temporarily reduce the sensation of being tired; however, this does not mean that it eliminates the need for sleep. Generally, twenty five to fifty milligrams of caffeine is enough for most consumers to report an increase in alertness and arousal. Caffeine should be not be consumed by those with fecal incontinence as it relaxes the internal anal sphincter muscles.

Cinnulin is extracted from cinnamomum burmannii and is helpful for type II diabetes and weight loss. Studies show that cinnulin increases lean body mass and helps in reduction in body fat. It is used by people who are obese or who want to loose weight. Cinnulin can also be extracted from cinnamomum zeylanicum and cinnamomi cassia. Cinnulin, a water extract of cinnamon has become popular as it promotes healthy blood glucose levels. It ensures healthy glucose metabolism by utilizing the insulin in body more effectively. According to USDA studies cinnamon promotes healthy cholesterol levels in type II diabetes. Cinnulin is widely used by diabetic and obese patients.

Citrulline Alpha Ketoglutarate is a nonessential amino acid. It supports the body through its conversion to L-arginine and then nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is important for the regulation of blood flow. Low levels of nitric oxide results in mental and physical fatigue and sexual dysfunction. L-Citrulline is useful in combating fatigue, enhancing ammonia detoxification in the liver minimizing cell damage and in optimizing blood flow through conversion to L-arginine.

Citrulline Malate is a mixture of the organic salt malate and amino acid citrulline. The inimitable combination provides athletes a potential way to perk up performance, postpone muscle fatigue, and speed up recovery. Citrulline Malate is helpful for everyone taking part in high-intensity workouts, along with cyclists, strength athletes, bodybuilders and some runners. Citrulline helps in the confiscation of endotoxins like ammonia and lactic acid, which can weaken exercise performance. These endotoxins are generated due to extreme physical activity, catabolic states and protein metabolism.

D-Pinitol is found in the leaves of a plant called Bougainvillea spectabilis. It is a form of B vitamin inositol. D-Pinitol is widely used for its property of acting like insulin. It is used by diabetic patients as it does not add calories when consumed and is able to reduce blood glucose levels which are important for a diabetic patient. It is also used in treatment of neurological disorders, syndrome X and certain pre-diabetic conditions. It is used in sports nutrition as it improves glucose metabolism. This improves the storage of glycogen and helps increase energy levels, endurance and muscle mass. Because of their ability to increase muscle mass it’s widely taken by body builders and is also used to treat people suffering from muscle wastage.

Folic Acid is really a family of several complex chemicals, but is generally referred to as one substance. It is present in all green leaved vegetables.

Glucuronolactone is formed in the body by the liver and well known for its supply of energy and provides an increased feeling of well being in the body. It also improves time taken in reaction to different stimuli, improves memory and concentration power and overall grey cell performance. Glucuronolactone is a natural detoxifying agent that helps to get rid of harmful substances from the body by making them water soluble. Being an important component of most connective tissues in animals, Glucuronolactone supplements help in the cure of arthritis. Being a popular ingredient in most energy drinks, Glucuronolactone reduces sleepiness and driving mishaps that are sleep related. Rumors state that Glucuronolactone was initially banned by the US Government.

Glycocyamine was sought after because as much as a quarter of the world’s population is unable to supplement creatine, more accurately, the supplementation of regular creatine monohydrate had no effect whatsoever. Glycocyamine is a creatine metabolite, missing just a methyl group. Glycocyamine is guanidinoacetic acid and creatine is methylguanidinoacetic acid. Interestingly enough, glycocyamine is processed by the liver and metabolized into creatine, which allowed the rest of the world to supplement creatine as well. Unfortunately the supplementation of glycocyamine also meant that many methyl groups otherwise needed by the body would be now used up by the synthesis of creatine. For that reason it is generally recommended to supplement glycocyamine together with betaine, in order to provide enough methyl groups for all purposes. The commonly suggested ration is four parts betaine, one part glycocyamine, hence a four to one ratio.

Guanidinopropionic Acid (GPA) acid is deemed an analogue to creatine monohydrate and has commonly been used as an ingredient in nutritional supplement products targeting athletes and body building aficionados and containing creatine monohydrate. Guanidinopropionic acid is also believed to be mimicking the insulin function and the use is promoted as weight loss supplement and booster of the creatine uptake. Recent studies have emerged that seem to contradict this assertion, where GPA, short for guanidinopropionic acid, is viewed as a creatine antagonist and a potential toxin. While the propagators for the supplementation of the guanidinopropionic acid do not question the recent findings, they assert that in the particular viewpoint of the high energy athlete and the intake numbers of creatine, the creatine uptake disruption is insignificant and the protein damaging factor far below the potential benefits.

Gynostemma Pentaphyllum is also called twisting vine orchid, belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family and related to cucumbers, a herb and a vine that is native to south of China, south of Korea and also Japan. Jiaogulan, as Gynostemma pentaphyllum is more commonly known in the western world, has also been called the herb of immortality. Traditional Chinese medicine recognizes it already for several centuries, but it was primarily used locally in areas in the south of China. The province Guizhou, where jiaogulan is the most commonly source of local tea concoctions, named it the immortality herb because the locals who drank the tea statistically managed to live comparably longer. It is now referred to as southern ginseng, with properties ranging from antioxidant to adaptogen.

Histidine Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Ketoisocaproate Potassium (KIC-K) is a nutritional supplement product, designed to provide not only potassium, but also to act as an anti catabolic agent. It seems that the alpha ketoisocaproic acid is also a precursor to leucine, an essential alpha amino acid and a vital component of all buffer proteins. Potassium is important since it provides cations for proper neuron functioning, but also in the muscle contraction processes. Potassium is classified as an essential mineral micronutrient and is required to be supplied by any human diet. The Latin name for potassium is Kalium, a chemical element with the atomic number 19 in the periodic table and the symbol K. The public relations machinery had a field day with the product ketoisocaproate (KIC) and Potassium (K), naming the product simply KIC-K.

Kre-Alkalyn is known as buffered creatine, which reaches skeletal muscle tissue and then also acts as a stable creatine and doesn’t break into creatinine. It is usually in the form of power and is accepted as a natural supplement. Kre-Alkalyn is better then creatine monohydrate as it serves the same functions and benefits minus its side effects. The processing of PH level is higher in Kre-Alkalyn as compared to creatine monohydrate. Therefore rather than taking ten grams of creatine you could take one gram of Kre-Alkalyn. Its absorption power is also better then creatine. Kre-Alkalyn has several benefits namely faster muscle gain, improved nimbleness, increased energy and many more. More over, there is no retention of water and one will not feel dehydrated as it nullifies all the side effects of creatine.

L-Tyrosine is a common amino acid and a para-isomer of tyrosine. It is deemed organic because of the carbon atom present and it is nonessential to survival, but works as a building block of protein. It is also viewed as a precursor of dopamine, which has several effects, like offsetting fatigue, mental and physical, as well as increasing the impression of well being. When the amino acid phenylalanine is broken down, L-Tyrosine can be won completely naturally. Besides being a precursor of the aforementioned neurotransmitter dopamine, L-Tyrosine is also deemed a precursor to some adrenal hormones, namely epinephrine and norepinephrine. In body building circles this supplement is popular to offset fatigue after a hard training or competition, but also to raise mental alertness while working out.

Lipoic Acid also referred to as alpha-lipoic acid, is a fatty acid that contains sulfur. It is an antioxidant that is made by the body and can be found in every cell of the body. It helps generate energy by turning sugar into energy. Antioxidants work by attacking free radicals or harmful waste products or chemicals in the body that damages the cell, and impedes the capacity of the body to fight off infections. Unlike other antioxidants, Lipoic acid is able to function in both water and fat. Lipoic Acid helps in controlling blood sugar level that would aid in managing diabetes. Lipoic acid can also protect the brain and the nerve tissues from free radical damages that may help in dealing with stroke and brain disorder treatment.

Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) are fatty acids which are shorter in length. They therefore are similar to carbohydrates and get easily digested and absorbed and get used up as energy. It is used as an alternative source of food by patients who are unable to digest normal oils and fats. Medium chain triglycerides are water-soluble and because if their short length get absorbed into the blood stream quickly. From the bloodstream it gets directly transported to the liver. It is an immediate source of energy and only a miniscule percent of it gets converted to body fat. It is naturally found in coconut oil, milk fat and in palm oil. Medium chain triglycerides are available in capsule and in liquid form; this is obtained through the process of lipid fractionation.

Niacinamide, also known as Nicotinamide is water-soluble and usually found in Vitamin B3. It is normally seen in different dietary supplements as well as energy medications. One good thing about the Niacinamide is that compared to other water soluble vitamins, it does not contain any harmful effects such as flushing or even skin irritations. Niacinamide also has an anti-inflammatory property, because of this, Niacinamide is also being used to cure acne and other kinds of skin diseases. It can either be taken orally, or some kinds of medications include this in their formula as a topical cream or even as a topical gel.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is a type of enzyme that is normally found in all living creatures – all creatures with living cells to be exact. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide plays an important role when it comes to metabolism. It is responsible for accepting electrons from different molecules. Therefore, it serves as the one responsible for equally distributing the electrons and promotes better oxidation. Basically, without Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, the electrons coming from all the molecules might simply go somewhere else, and may cause a different kind of reaction to the body. Without it; there is even a great chance that the body system will not properly metabolize.

Taurine is an amino acid found within muscle tissue. It is the second most abundant amino acid found in the body.

Theophylline is a drug which belongs to the xanthine family. These substances are aromatic in nature and consist of a purine ring which is substituted with different chemical groups at different carbon positions to form different compounds chemically. In case of theophylline the purine ring has one methyl group substituted at carbon number 1 and 3 and one oxygen atom substituted at carbon number 6 and 2. Theophylline was originally extracted from tea leaves and was initially used to increase the rate of urination (diuresis); later it found more uses as a drug because of its effects on the respiratory and circulatory systems. However, it has many side effects; therefore, presently it is prescribed quite judiciously.

Trimethylglycine, which is also known as betaine, due to the source it was discovered in, Beta vulgaris or sugar beets, is an organic compound that is deemed related to trimethylaminoethanol, or choline. To diversify it from other betaines, trimethylglycine is often called glycine betaine as well. Humans generally ingest betaine through their diet, because it is high in content in wheat, whole wheat, shellfish, sugar beets and spinach. It can also be formed in the human body out of choline. As a potential methyl donor, trimethylglycine, or TMG for short, is in the same provider group with Vitamin B12, the folic acid, choline and S-adenosyl methionine, or SAMe. TMG also plays a vital function in the production of carnitine, furthermore it works in protecting kidneys and the liver.

Tyrosine Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Vanadyl Sulfate, while nutritionally not deemed necessary, is a very common component of food supplements and body building products. This inorganic compound is believed to mimic to some extent the effects of insulin, which, among other things, controls the uptake of glucose and apparently vanadyl sulfate would thereby promote better energy delivery to the muscles. While most of the vanadyl sulfate currently being sold in nutritional supplements and drugs is won by extracting vanadium from petroleum residues, some providers profess other sources, such as eggs, radishes, oats, buckwheat and vegetable oil. While possible deployment of vanadyl sulfate as a treatment method for diabetes is still being researched, the body building community has embraced this supplement as an energy increasing, muscle toning aid towards a better workout.

Vinpocetine- The lesser periwinkle plant named Vinca Minore consists of Vincamine, which is found in its leaves and Vinpocetine is derived from this natural substance found in the plant. In countries such as Japan and Europe, Vinpocetine is a prescribed medicine. It is popularly available in the online stores and countries such as Canada and the US as an effective supplement for diet. Vinpocetine is a great medicine in order to protect oneself from brain dementia. It has also been found to help treat Alzheimer’s disease. However, there is no strong recent evidence to prove its effect on the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Overall, it’s great to boost the brain. However, it has certain side effects such as anxiety, insomnia, indigestion, dry mouth, headache and many more.

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin with known toxicity. Although its toxicity has been exaggerated, it is a factor worth keeping in mind. Carotine is converted in the human body to Vitamin A, it comes from vegetable sources. Vitamin A is necessary for normal growth and for skeletal development.

Vitamin B1, or rather the Vitamin B complex, is a group of vitamins that are all soluble in water and very often coexist in food sources. While every single Vitamin from the B complex group has a name, they are very often referred to by the number added to the Vitamin B group name, like Vitamin B1, which is thiamine, or Vitamin B2, which is riboflavin. Some other compounds have been added to the Vitamin B group at some time, but were later dropped, like adenine, orotic acid or adenosine monophosphate, where later research found that they are either synthesized by the human body or simply no Vitamins. Vitamin B complex supports the metabolism rate, maintains muscle tone and skin, raises functions of the nervous system and the immune system, promotes red blood cells and cell growth and division and much more.

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, which is naturally found in foods such as fish, milk and milk products, eggs, meat and poultry. Vitamin B12 is important for good health, necessary for the proper digestion and absorption of foods and for normal metabolism of carbohydrates, and fat. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells and is needed to make DNA. Vitamin B12 is bound to the protein in food. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach releases B12 from protein during digestion. Unlike other water-soluble nutrients, vitamin B12 is stored in the liver, kidney, and other body tissues. It can take several years before signs of the deficiency appear due to poor dietary intake. Vitamin B12 functions as a "methyl donor." A methyl donor is a compound that carries and donates methyl groups to other molecules, including cell membrane components and neurotransmitters. As a methyl donor vitamin B12 is involved in homocysteine metabolism and plays a critical role in proper energy metabolism, immune function, and nerve function. Therefore, vitamin B12 is clearly an added benefit for anyone wanting to lose weight, as without it, metabolism is not at its peak potential.

Vitamin B2 is a water-soluble vitamin with no known toxic effects. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is necessary in the oxidative process of metabolism. It is also sometimes used to correct certain enzyme deficiencies and improve mental processes.

Vitamin B5 also known as Pantothenic Acid is a natural, inexpensive and safe form of curing acne. It is free from all negative side effects. It is best suited for people with oily skin as it stops the overproduction of oil within our body. It converts the carbohydrates and fats into energy effectively when synthesized with other Vitamin B. Additionally it also helps your body produce red blood cells and metabolizes fats. It plays a significant role in reducing physical and mental stress because it works along with the stress hormone producing adrenal gland. Pantothenic acid is present in all kinds of food and therefore our body gets sufficient amount of it. As it is impossible for our body to become deficient in pantothenic acid, there is no recommended daily amount of it. Eggs, whole grains and milk contain panthothenic acid in large numbers.

Vitamin B6 is one of the most important vitamins that play an essential role in the development and keeping the immune system healthy. Vitamin B6 is water soluble that contains pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. It is needed by the body in various functions such as red blood cell metabolism and conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to the vitamin niacin. It is also important in ensuring the efficient function of the nervous and immune systems. It helps manufacture proteins and neurotransmitters, haemoglobin, and prostaglandins. It also helps balance the hormones. Vitamin B6 is known to help give relief to women suffering from menopausal symptoms, and premenstrual syndromes. It also helps reduce the incidence of breast cancer.

Vitamin C, also known as Ascorbic (a-SKOR-bik) acid, is needed for many functions in the body, including helping the body use carbohydrates, protein, and fats. Vitamin C is found in most citrus fruits and green vegetables and is a strong antioxidant.

Vitamin D is actually a group of prohormones, all fat soluble, whereby ergocalciferol, or Vitamin D2 and cholecalciferol, also known as Vitamin D3 are the most common forms. The Vitamin D3 form is made when human skin is exposed to UV B radiation. The active form of Vitamin D is calcitrol and it is required in the body to manage phosphorus and calcium levels, but, among other functions, to affect anti tumor activity, immunomodulatory functions and much more. Vitamin D, or more accurately calcitrol, is being bound to a carrier protein, which allows it to be transported throughout the body to the various destinations. The Vitamin D receptors, steroid and thyroid hormone receptors, can be found in most organs, including the brain, skin, heart, breast, prostate and gonads.

Vitamin E is an antioxidant that is known for protecting the tissues of the body from damage caused by free radicals.